According to the course text, learning is defined as a “relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience” (Feldman, 2015, p. 168). By following the scientific process, psychologists have made great strides in understanding how you learn. Pavlov’s seminal experiment introduced the idea of classical conditioning-learning that occurs when you learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. Classical conditioning paved the way for behaviorism. Operant conditioning, like classical conditioning, is another form of associative learning. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior isencouraged if followed by a reinforcer and decreased if followed by punishment. Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur every day, though you are probably not used to examining how you learn in these technical terms. For this week’s Discussion, you will have the opportunity to practice your understanding by creating examples of classical conditioning and operant conditioning “in real life.” This week you will be discussing the concepts of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Please choose if you would like to apply these learning theories to humans or animals. Be sure that your thread subject line identifies which topic you are posting about (e.g., “Human” or “Animal”) Human: Classical Conditioning Post by Day 3 a response to the following: Think about someone with a specific fear or phobia. Explain how classical conditioning can explain how the fear or phobia developed. Give an example and explain your answer. Include a description of the neutral stimulus (NS), unconditioned stimulus (UCS), conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned response (UCR), and conditioned response (CR) in relation to your example. AND Operant Conditioning Post by Day 3 a response to the following: Imagine you are a supervisor at work. How can you use operant conditioning to change an employee’s attendance, customer service, or other behavior? Include a description of how you would use either positive or negative reinforcement to increase the frequency of a desirable behavior. Also, include a description of how you would use punishment to decrease the frequency of an undesirable behavior. Animal Training Do you own a pet? Call to mind some of your pet’s behaviors or desired behaviors. Classical Conditioning Post by Day 3 a response to the following: Explain how classical conditioning could explain an association your pet has learned. (e.g., The sound of a can opener associated with a meal.) Describe your example and include a description of the neutral stimulus (NS), the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned response (UCR), and conditioned response (CR) in relation to your example. AND Operant Conditioning Post by Day 3 a response to the following: Explain how operant conditioning could be used to teach your pet a trick or change your pet’s behavior. Include a description of how you would use either positive or negative reinforcement to increase the frequency of a desirable behavior. Also, include a description of how you would use punishment to decrease the frequency of an undesirable behavior. Response Instructions: Support your reply to a colleagues’ assignment post with at least one reference (textbook or other scholarly, empirical resources). You may state your opinion and/or provide personal examples; however, you must also back up your assertions with evidence (including in-text citations) from the source and provide a reference. Respond by Day 5 in one or more of the following ways: Ask a probing question and provide insight into how you would answer your question and why. Ask a probing question and provide the foundation, or rationale, for the question. Expand on your colleague’s posting by offering a new perspective or insight. Agree with a colleague and offer additional (new) supporting information for consideration. Disagree with a colleague by respectfully discussing and supporting a different perspective. Refer to the Discussion Rubric, located in the Course Information area, for details on how this discussion will be graded. Note: You are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleague’s postings. After clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, select “Create Thread” to create your initial post.

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Directions: Respond to the following questions using complete sentences. Your answer should be at least 1 paragraph in length, which must be composed of three to five sentences. hat are the psychic phenomena that develop during the stages of psychosexual development? According to psychoanalytic theory, how is crime related to the superego? How do learning theory and behaviorism explain criminal behavior? How does psychoanalytic theory explain criminal behavior? Why is reality therapy popular on probation and parole? Why can group work be more effective than one-to-one counseling or casework? How does Merton’s theory of anomie explain criminal behavior? How does Sutherland’s theory of differential association explain the transmission of criminal behavior? How do the subcultural theorists Albert Cohen and Walter Miller explain criminal behavior? What do Sykes and Matza mean by techniques of neutralization? What is meant by the retreatist subculture? What does Matza mean when he says delinquents drift? How does the social caseworker provide ego support? How can the social work concept of a “right to self-determination” conflict with a probation or parole officer’s agency responsibilities? With respect to the client-worker relationship, how does social casework differ from reality therapy? What is meant by motivational interviewing? Why is behavior modification so difficult to apply for probation and parole? What are the advantages of group work over the more traditional one-to-one treatment methods? What is cognitive learning skills training? What are the criticisms of behavior modification? What is the relationship between criminal behavior and labeling? How does conflict theory explain criminal behavior? How does control theory explain criminal behavior? Show that you understand the relationship between probation or parole officer roles and agency models by matching them in a relevant manner. Explain the broker/advocate role of a probation or parole officer. Compare and contrast the control model agency and the social service model agency. What are the arguments for and against probation and parole officers making arrests and routinely carrying firearms? Why are law enforcement responsibilities for probation and parole officers controversial? What are the four volunteer service models? Why are some P/P agencies and staff members critical of the use of volunteers? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using volunteers in probation and parole? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three ways of appointing probation and parole officers? With respect to the P/P officer powers of search and seizure, what has the Supreme Court ruled?

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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Choose an agency that specializes in one of the disorders discussed throughout the semester. Then design questions to determine the type of services provided at the agency. You will complete a 1-page essay on your findings. Important Information to Consider: Define the mental illness and discuss the symptoms. What is the eligibility process for the client? What are the types of treatment used by the agency? What are the qualifications or credentials of the staff members? What is the referral process? Discuss the length of treatment. Does the agency tend to use a specific orientation or approach for treatment? What is the success rate of the services? What is the level of severity of the individuals receiving services? What is the age range and demographics of the individuals who receive services?

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Personal Narrative (Please See The Attachment for Assignment) – Original work only , Thanks, This writing assignment involves writing your Personal Narrative. Once you draft your essay and revise, you may submit it for feedback. The feedback will help you write the final draft; your final draft will be graded. Option #1: A Life-Changing Moment Think of a specific experience that had a huge impact on you–something that really changed your life in some way (winning the state championship, riding your first roller coaster, surviving a car accident, going on your first date, etc.). Then, write a narrative about that experience. Make sure that it has an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Use time, dialogue, descriptive details, and one point-of-view to tell the story leading up to the climax of your life-changing moment. For instance, if your life-changing moment discusses your first date, the last body paragraph before the conclusion should detail your date and the previous body paragraphs should explain the events leading up to the date. The conclusion should sum up the major subtopics in your story as well as explain how this event changed you. For instance, did it teach you a lesson? Did you walk away with a new appreciation for something? Sample Thesis Statement: “After I got to know John, I discovered that you should not judge people on first appearances.” Your job after this is to tell the story of this thesis statement. Remember to underline your thesis! Option #2: Crossroads We have all been in situations where we have had to make crucial choices–choices that affected us in potentially life-changing ways (going back to school, buying a house, having a child, choosing a college, etc.). Write a narrative describing this type of situation. Make sure that it has an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Use time, dialogue, descriptive details, and a single point of view to describe the situation, making sure that you explain what caused it (suggested for body paragraph 1), what decision you made (suggested for body paragraph 2), and how that decision impacted you (suggested for body paragraph 3). In your conclusion, you will want to sum up your story and explain whether your choice was the best one for you and why. Sample Thesis Statement: “Moving out of my parents’ house was bad because I needed to either buy a home or rent an apartment, and because a down payment for the home I wanted would deplete my savings, I chose to rent an apartment.” Formatting requirements are on the next page. Header: Include a header in the upper left-hand corner of your writing assignment with the following information: • Your first and last name • Course Title (Composition I) • Assignment name (Personal Narrative) • Current Date Length: This assignment should be at least 750 words. Format: • Double-spacing throughout • Title, centered after heading • Standard 12-point font (Arial, TimesNewRoman, Calibri) • 1” margins on all sides • Save the file using one of the following extensions: .docx, .doc, .rtf, or .txt Underline your thesis statement.

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