4. Was a power analysis conducted? If so, which statement best describes the results of the power analysis? a. The authors mention that a power analysis was conducted using a power of 0.8,

4. Was a power analysis conducted? If so, which statement best describes the results of the power analysis?
a. The authors mention that a power analysis was conducted using a power of 0.8, an alpha value of 0.5, and a moderate effect size.
b. The authors mention that an power analysis was conducted, and 77 participants were determined to be needed for the study.
c. The authors do not report that a power analysis was conducted.

5. Which of these statements would be considered to be specific inclusion criterion for the sample in the research article?
a. The participants are able to understand English.
b. The participants are experiencing stress in their role as caregiver.
c. The participants are associated with community-based hospice agencies in North Central Texas.
d. No inclusion criteria were specifically reported by the authors.

6. Which of these statements would be considered to be exclusion criterion specifically identified by the author for the sample in the research article?
a. The participants are not able to understand English.
b. The participants are not experiencing any stress in their role as caregiver.
c. The participants have been in the caregiver role for less than 3 months.
d. No exclusion criteria were specifically reported by the authors.
7. What is the acceptance rate for this study? (Hint: see page 253 in your text)
a. 100%
b. 77/78 X 100% = 98%
c. 1/78 X 100% = 1%
d. unknown / cannot be calculated

8. Which of the following would be accurate for the attrition rate for this study?
a. 1/78 X 100% = 1%
b. 0%
c. 77/78 x 100% = 98%
d. unknown / cannot be calculated. ??

13. What types of questionnaires or surveys were used in this research study?
(Select all that apply)
a. The authors developed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).
b. The authors developed their own questions to ask about demographic information.
c. Interviews were reportedly used, but the author does not explain what was included in them.
d. The authors used previously developed questionnaires or surveys to assess caregivers’ self-efficacy, perceived stress, and perceived physical health and mental health.
e. The authors developed their own questions to assess self-efficacy.
e. This study did not use any questionnaires or surveys.

14. Were any physiological measurements collected from the subjects for the purpose of this study?
a. Yes
b. No
Question 15- 16: Data Collection. (For help with these questions, refer to chapters 10 & 12)
15. Which of the following best describes the data collection process used in this study?
(Select all that apply)
a. Participants were contacted by phone by nurse researcher.
b. Participants were given the questionnaires on enrollment in the study
c. Questionnaires / surveys were mailed to the prospective returned in a self-addressed stamped envelope.
d. Researchers consented participants after face to face discussion of study
e. Participants returned the questionnaires to agency staff and the investigator collected them.

16. Based on the study’s data collection methods, if there were more than one data collector, would an estimation of inter-rater reliability be an important concept for the authors to report on for this study?
a. Yes, and the authors reported their efforts to achieve inter-rater reliability.
b. Yes, but the authors do not discuss any efforts to achieve inter-rater reliability.
c. No, the issue of inter-rater reliability does not apply here.
Question 17 – 19: Data Analysis. (For help with these questions, refer to chapters 11 & 12)
17. What descriptive statistics are used in this study? (Select all that apply)
a. mean
b. median
c. frequencies
d. standard deviation
e. percentage distributions
f. range
g. Pearson correlations

18. Which one of these inferential statistics were used to examine the data obtained from the participants? (Select all that apply)
a. Pearson correlations
b. Factor Analysis
c. Multivariate regression analysis
d. Cox regression analysis
e. Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient
f. independent-samples t test
g. Logistic regression analysis
h. z score
i. None of the above inferential statistics were used in this study.

19. What is the level of significance (alpha level) set at for this study?
a. .01 or 1%
b. .05 or 5%
c. .10 or 10%
d. An alpha level or level of significance chosen by the authors was not specifically mentioned in the text of the article.

Question 20-25: Researcher’s Interpretation of the Findings. (For help with these questions, refer to chapters 11 & 12)

20. There are several statistically significant findings in this study. Which statement from the article would be considered a significant result?
a. Caregivers reported the lowest level of confidence in caring for themselves (x2 = 5.46, SD = 1.83).
b. The average score on the PSS was 18.26 (SD = 7.17), but almost half (43%) of surveyed caregivers in this sample scored 20 or greater on the PSS.
c. Forty-three percent of surveyed caregivers reported high levels of perceived stress, and caregivers in this sample indicated the presence of more anxiety and depression than the general SF12V12 database population.
d. Caring for oneself correlated significantly with perceived stress (r = -0.63, p = < .01) and predicted 38% of the variance in PSS scores.
21. Which one of these statements from the article would be considered a non-significant result?
a. Significant relationships between the additional CGI subscale scores and perceived stress (PSS) score were not detected.
b. Overall, caregivers reported a moderate level of confidence in their ability to manage caregiving demands, which was indicated by the CGI total score (x2 = 26.81, SD = 5.10).
c. Despite reports of above average physical health (51st percentile rank) in the current sample, 82% of the surveyed caregivers rated perceived mental health below the SF12v12 general population (43rd percentile rank).
d. Caregivers’ percentile rankings on individual attributes of the SF12v12 ranged from 43.45 to 48.68.

22. Which one of these statements from the article would be considered clinically important? (Select all that apply) ??????
a. Self-efficacy for self-care is a significant weakness for informal caregivers
b. Overall, caregivers reported a moderate level of confidence in their ability to manage caregiving demands, which was indicated by the CGI total score (x2 = 26.81, SD = 5.10).
c. An inconsistency with previous literature was the finding that participants generally reported higher than average scores on physical health.
d. A finding from this study are particularly important for nurses who interact with informal caregivers, is that a significant negative correlation exists between caregiver perceived stress and caregiver mental health ranking.
23. Which statements below, as reported by the author, would be considered a limitation of the study? (Select all that apply)
a. The study population included a convenience sample of informal caregivers who were receiving some level of caregiving support from an agency that provided end-of-life supportive services.
b. Health care providers must recognize the importance of caregiver self-efficacy.
c. Future studies of caregivers should compare caregivers who receive supportive services to those who do not.
d. The cross-sectional nature of the present study precludes learning about changes over time for any of the target variables.

24. Which of these statements would be considered a statement regarding generalization of these results?
a. The sample included adult informal caregivers recruited from community-based hospice agencies and therefore decreases the ability to generalize to all adult informal caregivers.
b. The results of this study can be generalized to ethnic adult informal caregivers.
c. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) has demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity in this and previous studies; as such, the results of this study can be generalized to all adult informal caregivers.
d. The sample included adult informal caregivers recruited from community-based hospice agencies and therefore the results of this study can be generalized without caution to all adult informal caregivers receiving support from community-based hospice agencies.

25. Which of these statements from the article would be considered a recommendation for future studies? (Select all that apply)
a. Significant relationships between the additional CGI subscale scores and perceived stress (PSS) score were not detected.
b. Future studies of caregivers should compare caregivers who receive supportive services to those who do not.
c. Future research should include longitudinal studies in order to measure changes in stress and self-efficacy over time.
d. Because identification of factors that reduce negative outcomes is vital to the psychological and physical health of informal caregivers, researchers should study the influence of self-efficacy on caregivers providing care to patients with diverse health conditions.

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