Please answer the discussion question in at least 250 words. The answer must be in APA format and included at least one scholarly/peer reviewed reference.

1. Compare Cui et al., Kelley & Lavie, and Ericsson & Kintsch regarding their overlapping methods. Design an experimental approach to further verify the Ericsson-Kintsch argument for the existence of long-term working memory (heretofore thought only to hold information for a matter of a few seconds) and justify the methodology(ies) you choose.

Part one: Spark Discussion

Post a 1 to 2 paragraph in your opinion, but also based upon what you have read for this course so far, what side of the “nature versus nurture” argument aligns more with your thinking? Is it biology or environment that has the greater influence on your actions and reactions to events and stimuli that occur in your everyday life? Why?

To prepare for part two: Biological and Behaviorist Perspectives of Temperament

• Review the Learning Resources for this week.

Course Text: Cervone, D., & Pervin, L. A. (2016). Personality: Theory and research (13th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 9, “Biological Foundations of Personality” (pp. 261–298)

Chapter 10, “Behaviorism and the Learning Approaches to Personality” (pp. 299–332)

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html

https://www.npr.org/2010/11/18/131424595/siblings-share-genes-but-rarely-personalities

https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are

https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/40/3/563/740639

• Consider how biological and behaviorist theories apply to your experience with temperament—both your own and that of others you know well.
• Based on the Learning Resources and your experience, take a position on whether biology or environment is more influential in explaining temperament.
• Research in the Walden Library or other sources for a scholarly resource that provides additional evidence for your position.

Part two: Post a response to these two questions that includes the following:

• In your own words, explain how temperament is viewed from the biological and behaviorist perspectives.
• State your position on whether biology or environment is more influential in shaping and explaining an individual’s temperament. Support your position with findings from the Learning Resources, the scholarly resource that you found, and examples from your experience.

To prepare for Part three: Comparing and Contrasting Biological and Behaviorist Theories

You will consider a case study: Jane and John. They are fraternal twins who have grown up together in the same family, but who have very different temperaments. You will compare and contrast biological and behaviorist theories to understand and explain the differences between Jane and John.

• Consider these descriptions of Jane and John. Keep in mind they are fraternal twins. Although their age is not given, from their activities they are teens in high school.
  • Jane is very outgoing. She enjoys large gatherings of friends, participates in many extracurricular activities in school, and is a cheerleader and captain of her volleyball team. She loves to travel, meet new people, and experience different cultures.
  • John is a quiet and studious young man. He loves to read and to listen to classical music. He has a small, intimate circle of friends who share the same interests. He is captain of his school’s chess team, and his idea of the perfect sporting event is a chess competition. He is not interested in travel—unless he is going to a chess competition.
• Review the Learning Resources for Week 5 and consider the similarities, differences, strengths, and limitations of the biological and behaviorist theories of personality.
• Consider how both biological and behaviorist theories would explain the differences in Jane and John.
• Consider which approach you agree with more and your reasoning. (Note that you may take the same basic position that you have in the Discussion this week or a different view based on these siblings.)
• Be sure your analysis applies specifically to Jane and John. Your Assignment should not address siblings in general.

For part three submit a 2- to 3-page paper that includes the following four questions:

• Compare and contrast biological and behaviorist theories by explaining the strengths and limitations of each theory.
• Apply the behaviorist theory in explaining the differences in the siblings Jane and John.
• Apply the biological theory in explaining the differences in the siblings Jane and John.
• Explain which approach is most effective for understanding the differences between Jane and John, and defend your reasoning.

Case
2. Cultural Values and Competent

Mental
Health Services to Minors

Irina, a
13-year-old girl of Arabic cultural heritage living in Boston, Massachusetts,

was
brought by her parents to a hospital emergency room after an assault by a

stranger.
Based on her injuries, the hospital staff suspected that the attacker had

also
sexually assaulted the girl, but she and her parents refused medical
evaluations

for rape.
The family received a referral to see Janet Matthews, a clinical psychologist

specializing
in adolescent trauma. During their initial meeting with Dr. Matthews,

the
parents asked the psychologist not to discuss any sexual aspects of the assault

with
their daughter but to treat the psychological trauma from the assault in
general.

They
told the psychologist that admitting a rape had taken place would cast a

stigma
on their daughter and make her ineligible to be married to men in their

closely
knit ethnic community. When asked in private, the girl also requested that

sexual
issues not be discussed for the same reason.

Ethical
Dilemma

Dr.
Matthews does not know if she should agree to the parents’ and child’s

request.

Discussion
Questions

1. Why
is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical Principles help frame the

nature
of the dilemma?

2. Who
are the stakeholders and how will they be affected by how Dr. Matthews

resolves
this dilemma?

3. How
might Irina’s age and parents’ involvement in the referral affect how

Dr.
Matthews can resolve this dilemma? How might state law on treatment

of
minors and HIPAA rules on access of guardians to a minor’s health care

records
influence Dr. Matthew’s decision? (See sections on “A Word About

HIPAA”
in the Preface of this book, on parental rights under Standards 3.10b,

Informed
Consent, in Chapter 6, and the Hot Topic at the end of Chapter 7

“Confidentiality
and Involvement of Parents in Mental Health Services for

Children
and Adolescents.”)

4. What
attitudes, knowledge, and skills are required to develop a culturally

competent
treatment plan for Irina (see the Hot Topic for Chapter 5

“Multicultural
Ethical Competence”)?

5. Is
Irina likely to benefit from the treatment if the possibility of sexual aspects

to the
trauma is not explored?

6. How
are APA Ethical Standards 2.01a, b, and c; 2.04; 3.04; 3.06; 4.01; 4.02;

and
10.10a relevant to this case? Which other standards might apply?

7. What
are Dr. Matthews’s ethical alternatives for resolving this dilemma?

Which
alternative best reflects the Ethics Code aspirational principles and

enforceable
standards, legal standards, and Dr. Matthews’s obligations to

stakeholders?
Can you identify the ethical theory (presented in Chapter 3)

guiding
your decision?

8. What
steps should Dr. Matthews take to ethically implement her decision

and
monitor its effect?

Why is it important for counselors to understand the similarities and
differences between the sexual response cycles in men versus women?

Part one: To prepare for this Discussion: The School Environment

• Review Chapters 9 and 10 in your course text.

Woolfolk, A., & N. E. Perry. (2015). Child and adolescent development (2nd ed.). Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Chapter 9, “Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood”
This chapter focuses on cognitive development during middle childhood. Topics include Piaget’s stage of concrete operations, intelligence testing, and the child in school. Special consideration is given to cultural differences and children with learning challenges.

Chapter 10, “Social Emotional Development in Middle Childhood”
Social emotional development during middle childhood is discussed, including the ongoing development of self-concept and gender identity. Peer relationships are covered including the topics of sociometric status and bullying. The child in the family is discussed related to parents promoting self-regulation and the impact disharmony and divorce.

• Consider the many factors that inform a child’s experiences in school.
• Think about how the child’s individual temperament (including their vulnerabilities and resilience), the role of parents and teachers, and the larger community inform the child’s school experience.
• Consider the components of a “caring community” and how to create such an environment for every child at school.

With these thoughts in mind:

By Day 2

Post an analysis of the child at school. Explain the influence of the individual child (including personality development, temperament, and learning style), family, and broader social forces (e.g., culture, SES) on the school experience. Conclude your post by offering your ideas as to how to create a “caring community” for every child at school.

Part two: To prepare for this Assignment: Friendships and Peer Groups

• Review Chapters 8-10 of the course text.
• Review the article, “A Longitudinal Examination of Links Between Mother-Child Attachment and Children’s Friendships in Early Childhood.”

https://class.waldenu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/USW1/201850_05/BS_PSYC/PSYC_2002_WC/readings/USW1_PSYC_2002_Week02_Kerns.pdf

Think about how, and why, school age children and preadolescents make friends.

Think about why some children become popular while others are rejected.

Consider the logical connection between the relationship which develops in the attachment phase, and the development of future relationships in childhood and preadolescence.

The Assignment: (2–3 pages)

Reflect on the development of peer relationships. Include (but do not necessarily limit yourself to) the following:

• Explain how secure attachment might build a bridge between infant relationships with caregivers and peer relationships in early adolescence. Provide specific examples.
• Analyze friendships that occur in both middle childhood and preadolescence. Briefly explain how these relationships are developmentally different from each other. Provide specific examples.
• Summarize your thoughts about the importance of adults in children’s socialization, particularly as it relates to the development of friendships and peer groups. Be sure to provide examples and justify your response with information from the Week 4 readings.